Prison diversity Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Prison diversity - Research Paper Example The two statistics that were conducted in 2003 and 2012 tells us a terrible tale of how racial oppression still exists in US. Despite the country having a African American president and black attorney general racial oppression still exist thus African men being jailed for petty incidences. Despite the efforts of activist like Martin Luther king, fighting racial oppression in the US still exists, and fighting for their rights seems to be rising now and then. Segregation exists in the United States, black and white scholars do not receive equal schooling fund but they are unequally shared indicating that racism is still being practiced in the education sector. African American The black American men are usually convicted for drug cases and the trends shows that though the number of African American is not so high they are about 52 percent if one compare between them Hispanic and white men. The white males are about 34 percent thus showing the racial oppression in most of American state s (Criminal Justice Sheet, 2013). Inequality still exist since drug cases in women are about 41 percent for female black American comparing with 24 percent of white female. For example, William Barnes who is an African American has been convicted for motor vehicle theft and Jones who is a citizen of America by birth was convicted for the same crime but the judge who presided over the their case was a white by the name Marvin Frankel. Jones who is a white and worked in a restaurant was sentenced to 6 months in jail comparing with William who was sentenced for 2 years in prison. This is a clear indication that it was not fair since the victims were convicted for the same thing and yet a different jail term. Racialism is still being practiced in court of laws oppressing the African American. Due to such kind of ruling, it is evident that one in three black males who are born in United States is expected to go to prison compared with one in every six Hispanic men and one white out of 17 who are likely to be incarcerated (Marc 1999). The issue of ethnicity is highly considered in US since if one is white or Hispanic is likely to be charged less stiffly comparing with the black American men. United Nation human rights activist has indicated that America is violating the international agreements in civil and political rights of African people thus need to review the agreement again. United nation human right committee have indicated that racial disparity in United States is in the criminal justice system and starts from arrest to trial and lastly to sentencing. The lawyers or the defendants are disadvantaged thus if an African is having one defendant, then a white is having two who are not approved by a public court. Hispanic men Latino male’s still face stiff sentence especially if they are not employed comparing with other offenders who are white men. Black and Latino defendants are mostly disadvantaged compared to white defendants when it comes to regal pro cesses. For example, when a lawyer defends black or Hispanic men they are more disadvantaged and even the case is not fairly listened comparing to a case where a white man is involved. Latino defendants are punished more severely compared to white defendants for crimes like drug and property crimes. This shows how race and inequality is practiced by

Catheter Related Blood Stream Infection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Catheter Related Blood Stream Infection - Essay Example Guidelines for the prevention of (CRBSIs) have been formulated by CDC. These are targeted at the intensive care personnel who are involved in the insertion of these catheters and post insertion management and care of these catheters, particularly the nursing staff. It is proposed that in addition to the existing guidelines, this study will provide ample evidence for the use of PICCs in ICU setting to reduce the rate of CRBSI. Almost 12 years back, the use of PICCs was highly favored for cost and safety considerations by a study (Ng et al, 1997). The advantages of PICCs include ease of bedside placement, placement even by non-physicians and a relatively lower risk of complications. Complications of PICCs were studied in 351 patients and were identified to be infection related, phlebitis, vein thrombosis, PICC occlusion, broken or leaking catheter or dislodgement of the catheter (Walshe et al, 2002). However, even the authors concluded that because of their convenience and easily managed complications they should be continued to use. 200 prospective studies were analyzed systematically and it was determined that PICCs used in inpatients (2.1/ 1000 catheter days) had a slightly lower rate of CRBSIs than standard non cuffed and non medicated CVC s placed in subclavian or internal jugular vein(2.7 BSIs /1000 catheter days)(Maki, Kluger, & Crinch, 2006). Whereas, Safdar and Maki (2005) found that CRBSI with PI CCs was higher than some of the other CVCs. Thus, more studies are warranted to compare CRBSI rates of PICCs and CICCs and establish a lower rate of infection of PICCs. Study Design and Population The study utilized a central-line database retrospectively, one year prior to and 3 years after the introduction of hemodynamic monitoring with PICCs in a closed, medical-surgical, 20-bed intensive care unit and a 10-bed intermediate care unit of a tertiary-care academic medical institution. CRBSI rates were compared for a 12-month control period and a 36-month intervention period with open-ended PICCs. Thus, it was a retrospective analysis of an interventional study (Patel et al, 2007). 2,474 central vascular catheters were inserted in 1788 critically ill patients (21,919 catheter-days). ). A total of 6210 CICC catheter-days and 15,709 PICC catheter-days were analyzed (Patel et al, 2007). The primary outcome variable was the rate of CRBSI and this was defined as "isolation of the same organism (defined by species and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern) from the colonized catheter (>15 colony-forming units) and one or more peripheral blood cultures within 48 hours in a patient with no alternative source of bacteremia" (CDC, 2002). Since, the primary outcome measure was clearly defined, changes in the values were analyzed statistically and reliability was ensured. However, the blinding status so far as the group allocator or the body who assessed the results is not clear. What indicated the use of PICCs in most of the patients while some still had CICCs in the later years of the study is also not clear. Was